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ANNUAL REPORT OF COOPERATIVE REGIONAL PROJECTS 1996 Supported by Allotments of the Regional Research
Fund COOPERATING AGENCIES AND PRINCIPAL LEADERS: *Dr. Betty Crown, University of Alberta, Canada Dr. Katherine Rigakis, University of Alberta, Canada *Dr. Margaret Rucker, University of California, Davis, CA *Dr. Theresa A. Perenich, University of Georgia, Athens, GA *Dr. Mastura Raheel, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL *Dr. Janis Stone, Iowa State University, Ames, IA *Dr. Anugrah Shaw, University of Maryland Eastern Shore, Princess Anne, MD *Dr. Ann C. Slocum, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI *Dr. Kay Obendorf, Cornell University, NY Ms. Charlotte W. Coffman, Cornell University, NY *Dr. Donna Branson, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK *Dr. Cherilyn Nelson, Eastern Kentucky University, (Formerly representing NC) *Dr. Linda Manikowske, N. Dakota (Formerly at S. Dakota State University, SD) Dr. Joan Laughlin, Administrative Adviser, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE Dr. Susan Welsh, CSRS Representative, Washington DC. * indicates voting member PROGRESS OF WORK AND PRINCIPLE ACCOMPLISHMENTS Objective 1: To evaluate textile substrates for pesticide barrier effectiveness and comfort properties. Investigations at Georgia, Illinois, Maryland, and New York focused on comfort properties and barrier effectiveness of protective materials. Georgia evaluated cotton denims and broadcloth for effectiveness as a barrier to permethrin finding that penetration varied with application height and fabric structure. Illinois studied mechanical integrity, resistance to chemical degradation and penetration of glove materials after exposure to carbaryl and atrazine in flowable liquid formulations. Thermal and photo-degradation of pesticides and of glove material substrates showed that although heat and light reduced pesticide residue dramatically, the glove materials lost strength, elastic properties, and puncture resistance. Furthermore, Illinois suggested the decomposition products of pesticides exposed to light and heat may persist longer than the parent compounds, be equally toxic, and interact with water, ozone, acids, and alkalis to form more toxic compounds. The latter parameters were not investigated. Maryland began a database of physical properties of 27 woven protective fabrics. Data will be used in the future to develop a statistical model to predict protection provided by these fabrics from pesticide penetration. New York studied cloth to skin transfers of radiolabeled methyl parathion pesticide from contaminated work clothing and demonstrated that a Franz diffusion cell technique is a viable method for evaluating the percutaneous absorption of pesticides transferred via clothing. Objective 2: To develop and/or evaluate PPE for pesticide barrier properties, comfort and user satisfaction. California and Oklahoma extended PPE investigations of barrier properties and comfort to other hazardous occupations. California worked with the California Department of Forestry regarding protective uniforms for wildland fire fighting and used videotapes of fire fighters to suggest PPE modifications. Radiant and dermal protective performance, durability, permeability, pliability, and disposal methods and costs of fabrics will be studied. A protocol to determine physiological stress during treadmill walking while wearing test uniforms and other PPE was developed. Oklahoma evaluated a fully encapsulating chemical protective ensemble worn over standard fire station uniforms. Human subjects participated in an exercise protocol that simulated activity levels similar to the metabolic work required in chemical response situations while they wore the test ensembles. New York and Oklahoma studied barrier textiles for use in PPE. New York investigated polyurethane membranes to determine if treatments with two fluorinating agents affected water- and oil-repellence to improve the material's barrier resistance to pesticides. Wettability data showed that the modified membranes were both water- and oil-repellent. Oklahoma developed and evaluated a prototype 2-layer glove system for artificial cooling of the hand and compared three glove liners for comfort and pesticide protection. Objective 3: To determine effective decontamination processes for PPE materials and products. Alberta, New York, South Dakota, and Iowa studied the effect of decontamination processes for PPE materials and products. Dr. M. A. Armor in Alberta determined the products of Aldicarb decomposition. Starch studies were conducted in New York and S. Dakota. New York determined that starch trapped the pesticide, decreased transfer to the skin, and enhanced pesticide removal during laundering. The use of amylase in the laundry detergent resulted in some improvement in decontamination of the starched cotton-containing fabrics. S. Dakota used starch in coveralls that were worn by applicators spraying roadside ditches using 2,4-D ester. Six applicators each wore a starched and an unscratched coverall for a one or two-hour spraying period. Samples were taken from 10 sites on the coveralls, extracted, and analyzed by gas chromatography. Results were extremely varied because of the many variables in the field study. Applicators did not find the starched coveralls uncomfortable to wear. Iowa investigated the removal of granular Terbufos from nitrile glove materials after 30 min. exposure. Gauze collection pads backing glove specimens remained uncontaminated, but gas chromatography showed no significant differences in contamination between washed and unwashed specimens for three experimental cleanup protocols.
Objective 4: To identify key factors, including information delivery systems, that influence the adoption of safe PPE practices. PPE adoption was studied in New York and Michigan. New York assessed the attitudes and practices of apple and pear growers and Michigan studied customer perceptions of lawn care applicators' PPE. In New York, the 32 orchard growers did not believe pesticide had caused long-term health problems, but a few reported skin and eye irritation. Half said their PPE meet minimum or more than minimum requirements. These applicators wore the same protection for every pesticide situation so the net result is that handlers may wear unnecessary protective gear, but omit required garments. They were aware of the benefits of wearing protective garments and using enclosed cabs. 75% washed their pesticide-soiled clothes daily, 87% washed them separately from family clothes, and 68% ran a "washer cleaning cycle" without clothes afterward. About 30% said they wore limited-use garments 12 hours or more before disposal and 56% burned the soiled disposable. Most replaced gloves when leaks were detected, but 37% replaced them seasonally. Michigan examined customer's perceptions of lawn care company employees safety using photographs of varied combinations of PPE. Pictures of full body protection (coverall, gloves, boots, eyeguard and respirator) generated expressions of concern by 73%. Multiple PPE items were considered "excessive" protection by 43%. The respirator gave most negative response, but the outfit with full protection including a respirator was identified by over half as the preferred PPE for lawn applicators. Iowa and South Dakota studied educational outcomes from an activity-based versus static exhibit about chemical resistant gloves. "Pesticide Safety: If the Glove Fits, Wear It," was used in public meetings and Extension training sessions. The exhibit was set up so that half the participants did a hands-on activity of changing spray boom nozzle tips wearing chemical resistant gloves in addition to getting their hands measured, and having access to printed leaflets, and poster information. Half the participants did not do the hands-on activity. To assess the learning outcome, demographic information, preferred learning methods, and addresses were collected for a follow-up survey. The follow-up survey (six to eight weeks later) response rate totaled 55% in S. Dakota and 36% for the activity and 38% for the static group in Iowa. Similar outcomes were obtained in both states. Respondents said "talking to staff" was most important attention getting feature of the exhibit. Getting hands measured and trying on gloves were also important attractants. Fact sheets were read (80% in Iowa activity, 70% static group; 45% in S. Dakota) and shared with others by a similar percent in Iowa and 18% in S. Dakota. USEFULNESS OF FINDINGS: NC-170 technical findings regarding barrier properties and PPE cleanup are used in pesticide applicator training sessions and for public educational programs throughout the country. The health and safety of agricultural and other workers in hazardous occupations such as firefighting, where stored pesticides may be a part of the conflagration, is enhanced through application of findings in design and use of PPE. Acceptance of PPE as shown in the Michigan studies on customer perceptions of PPE in the lawn care industry and the positive response to the chemical glove exhibits in Iowa and S. Dakota suggest that educational programs can have a positive influence on health and safety practices. WORK PLANNED FOR NEXT YEAR: The NC-170 group plans a "Third International Symposium on Consumer Environmental Issues: Safety, Health, Chemicals and Textiles in the Near Environment" for 1997 in order to share research findings with the larger academic community. Complementary research concerning information needed for statistical model development, improved textile barrier properties, cleanup of PPE, and educational strategies to influence PPE adoption will continue to address the four objectives of this project. Alberta will be working on two publications, one for Malathion decontamination and one on Iprodione and Pirimacarb, and a project on agricultural clothing entanglement accidents. Alberta will develop user-friendly educational materials to give appropriate methods for deactivation of pesticides and decontamination of work clothing for each of the three pesticides previously mentioned. Preliminary investigations and pilot work in anticipation of the next 5-year project will be undertaken to provide a basis for strong research thrusts. Researchers at S. Dakota and E. Carolina State have moved to new positions, so that they have withdrawn from the NC-170 work, at least temporarily.
Publications Issued or Manuscripts Approved Regional (Joint) Publications In Print Full Length Articles (1) Obendorf, S.K., Stone, J.F., Derksen, R.C., Ravichandran, V., Coffman, C.W., Koh, Y-K., Sanderson, J.P. and Stahr, H.M. (1996) Clothing contamination resulting from greenhouse spraying of pesticides, Performance of Protective Clothing: Fifth Volume, ASTM STP 1237, James S. Johnson and S. Z. Mansdorf, Eds., American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, pp. 235-246. Chapters in Books In Press (1) Raheel, M. and Perenich, T. (In press) Reduction of textile industry wastes. In Industrial and Agricultural Waste Management. Wang, L.K. (Ed.), Humana Press Inc: New Jersey. Refereed Publications by State In Print Full Length Articles (4) Alberta, CA Perkins, H.M., Rigakis, K.B., Armour, M-A., Crown, E.M. and Kerr, N. (1996) Chlorpyrifos decontamination procedures for clothing and equipment in: Performance of Protective Clothing: Fifth Volume, ASTM STP 1237, James S. Johnson and S. Z. Mansdorf, Eds., American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, pp. 223-234. Zhou, K., Kerr, N., Armour, M-A., Rigakis, K., Crown, B. (1996) Loss of pirimicarb residues from contaminated fabrics. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 57(1): 29-33. Illinois Raheel, M. and G. X. Dai (1996) Controlling fibrillation in lyocell fabrics by crosslinking treatments, In Book of Papers, VII International Izmir Textile Symposium, Izmir, Turkey. pp. 112-123. Maryland Shaw, A., Lin, Y., and Pfeil, E. (1996) Effect of abrasion on protective properties of polyester and cotton/polyester blend fabrics. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 56, 935:941
In Print Abstracts (3) Iowa Stone, J., Guo, C. and Stahr, H. M. (1996) Glove cleanup following granular insecticide exposure. Proceedings International Textile and Apparel Association, Inc., Monument, CO, p. 66. Michigan Shern, Lois C. and Ann C. Slocum. (1996). Historical development of the American lawn ideal. Michigan Academician, 28 (3), 288. Shern, Lois C., Ann C. Slocum, and Mihaela Peteu. (1996). Researchers and respondents: are we communicating? Michigan Academician, 28 (3), 245. Accepted Full Length Articles (6) Illinois Raheel, M. and G. X. Dai (in press) Chemical resistance and structural integrity of protective glove materials. J. of Environmental Science and Health . Maryland Shaw, A. and Lin, Y. Impact of computational methods used on pesticide residue reported in cotton, polyester, and cotton/polyester blend fabrics, Performance of Protective Clothing: 6th Volume, ASTM STP 1273, American Society for Testing and Materials (in press). Shaw, A. and Khetan, S. Protective clothing for workers in pesticide manufacturing plants in India: A needs assessment survey. Performance of Protective Clothing: 6th Volume, ASTM STP 1273, American Society for Testing and Materials (in press) New York Welch, L. and Obendorf, S. K. Limiting dermal exposure of workers to pesticides from contaminated clothing, performance of protective clothing: 6th Volume, ASTM STP 1273, Jeffrey O. Stull and Arthur D. Schwope, Eds., American Society for Testing and Materials, 1997 (in press). North Carolina Nelson, C., Kulvich, S. and Sprau, D. (in press) Organophosphate exposure in layered textile systems employing radiolabeling and a skin dermal model. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. Oklahoma Branson, D. H., Simpson, L.S., Claypool, L. P., Chair, V. and Ruiz, B. M. Comparison of prototype artificially-cooled chemical protective glove systems. Performance of Protective Clothing: 6th Volume ASTM STP 1273, Jeffrey O. Stull and Authur D. Schwope, Eds., American Society for Testing and Materials, 1997. Accepted Abstracts (1) Michigan Slocum, Ann C. and Lois C. Shern and Mihaela Peteu. (1996). Homeowner's perceptions of lawn applicator's clothing, as revealed by picture shorts. Ladisch, Christine M. (Ed.) ITAA Proceedings. Monument, CO: International Textile & Apparel Association, Inc., p. (in press). Submitted Articles (5) Maryland Shaw, A., Lin, Y., and Pfeil, E. Qualitative and quantitative analysis of diazinon in fabric exposed to various simulated sunlight and humidity conditions, Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology (submitted). New York Ko, L.L. and Obendorf, S.K., Effect of starch on reducing the retention of methyl parathion by cotton and polyester fabrics in agricultural protective clothing, Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part B-Pesticides, Food Contaminants, and Agricultural Wastes, (submitted). Obendorf, S. K.,. Csisza'r, E., Borsa, J., and R‡cz, I. The reductions in human exposure to pesticide through selection of clothing parameters: Fabric weight, chemical finishing and fabric layering, International Conference on Advances in Fiber and Textile Science and Technology, The Fiber Society with Institut Textile de France, Ensitm, The Textile Institue and Institue of Materials, Mulhouse, France, April, 21-24, 1997 (submitted). Racz, I., Obendorf, S. K., and Borsa, J., Carboxymethylated cotton fabric for pesticide-protective work clothes, Textile Research Journal, (submitted). Ukpabi, P. O., Obendorf, S.K., Puts, R.D., and Sogah, D.Y., Surface properties of perfluoroalkyl-modified polyurethane Membranes, J. Macromolecular Sci.-Pure and Applied Chemistry, (submitted).
Non-Refereed Publications Proceedings Published (1) California Rucker, M., McGee, K., Alves, B., Hopkins, M., Sypolt, T., and Watada, M.(1995). Factors influencing consumer initiation of secondhand markets. In Flemming Hansen (Ed.), European Advances in Consumer Research, Vol. 2, Provo, UT: Association for Consumer Research, 425-429. Proceedings Accepted (1) Michigan Shern, Lois C. and Ann C. Slocum. (In press). Impact of the American lawn ideal on environmental livability. Proceedings of the 8th. Conference of The Society for Human Ecology. Extension Bulletins (8) Iowa Stone, J. (1996) Is it time to change your hat? Pm-1683. Iowa State University, September. Stone, J. and Wintersteen, W. (1996) Safe Farm: Keep gloves handy for pesticide work, Pm-1265f/Revised. Iowa State University, January. Stone, J. (1996) Family Pesticide Safety: Understand label precautions, Pm-1663a. Iowa State University, August. (EPA Reviewed) Stone, J. (1996) Family Pesticide Safety: What to do when clothes are soiled with pesticide, Pm-1663b. Iowa State University, August. (EPA Reviewed) Stone, J. (1996) Family Pesticide Safety: Wear the right gloves, Pm-1663c. Iowa State University, August. (EPA Reviewed) Stone, J. (1996) Family Pesticide Safety: Wear coveralls and aprons, Pm-1663d. Iowa State University, August. (EPA Reviewed) Stone, J. (1996) Family Pesticide Safety: Use eye and lung protection, Pm-1663e. Iowa State University, August. (EPA Reviewed) Whitford, F., Stone, J. and MacMillian, T. Pesticides and Personal Protective Equipment: Selection, Care, and Use. Purdue Pesticide Programs, Purdue University Cooperative Extension Service PPP 38, W. Lafayette IN.
Books Complete (1) Illinois Raheel, M. (Ed.) (1996) Modern Textile Characterization Methods. New York: Marcel Dekker, Inc. 558 pages. Chapters/other (3) Illinois Raheel, M. and G. X. Dai (1996) Controlling fibrillation in lyocell fabrics by crosslinking treatments, In Book of Papers, VII International Izmir Textile Symposium, Izmir, Turkey. pp. 112-123. Raheel, M. (1996) Developments in Textile Characterization Methods, In Modern Textile Characterization Methods, New York: Marcel Dekker, Inc., pp. 1-8. Iowa Stone, J. Chapter 3, Personal protective equipment and clothing. Private Pesticide Applicator Study Guide, (1997) Iowa State University, Ames, IA (In press.) Presentations (9) Alberta, CA Armour, M. A., Chang, M., Nelson, C., Sather, P., Briker, Y. (Dept. of Chemistry), and Crown E. M., Rigakis, K.B., Kerr, N. (Dept. of Human Ecology) (1996) "On-site treatment of spills and small quantities of waste pesticides. Asian Association for Academic Activity on Waste Treatment, Bangkok, August. Armour, M.A. Nelson, C., Sather, P., Briker, Y (Dept. of Chemistry and Crown, E.M., Rigakis, K. B., Kerr, N. (Department of Human Ecology) (1996) Decontamination of spills and residues of some pesticides and of protective clothing worn during the handling of the pesticides, Pacific Basin Consortium for Hazardous Waste Research, Kuala Lumpur, November. Maryland Shaw, A. and Lin, Y. (1996) Impact of computational methods used on pesticide residue reported in cotton, polyester, and cotton/polyester blend fabrics, Sixth International Symposium on Performance of Protective Clothing: Emerging Protection Technologies, Sponsored by ASTM Committee F23 on Protective Clothing, Orlando, FL, June. Shaw, A. And Khetan, S. (1996) Protective clothing for workers in pesticide manufacturing plants in India: A needs assessment survey, Sixth International Symposium on Performance of Protective Clothing: Emerging Protection Technologies, Sponsored by ASTM Committee F23 on Protective Clothing, Orlando, FL, June. Michigan Shern, Lois C. and Ann C. Slocum. (1996) Historical development of the American lawn ideal. Paper presented in the History of Science and Technology section at the Annual meeting of the Michigan Academy of Science, Arts, & Letters, Alma, MI. March. Slocum, Ann C., Shern, Lois C. and Mihaela Peteu. (1996) Researchers and respondents: Are we communicating? Research poster presentation in the Environmental Sciences & Ecology Section at the Annual Meeting of the Michigan Academy of Science, Arts, & Letters, Alma, MI. March. Slocum, Ann C., Lois C. Shern and Mihaela Peteu. (1996) Homeowner's perceptions of lawn applicator's clothing as revealed by picture sorts. Research poster presentation at the annual meeting of the International Textile and Apparel Association, Banff, Canada, August. Slocum, Ann C., Shern, Lois C. and Mihaela Peteu. (1996) Researchers and respondents: are we communicating? Research Poster Presentation at the Third Beatrice Paolucci Symposium, Michigan State University, March 22. Oklahoma Branson, D.H., Simpson, L., Claypool, L. P., Chari, V. & Ruiz, B. M. (1996) Comparison of artificially-cooled chemical resistant protective glove systems, Sixth International Symposium on Performance of Protective Clothing: Emerging Protection Technologies, Sponsored by ASTM Committee F23 on Protective Clothing, Orlando, FL, June.
Technical Report (1) New York Weingart, D., C.W. Coffman, W.G. Smith, and D. A. Rutz. (1996) Pest and pesticide use assessment for apple and pear production systems in New York state for 1995, United States Department of Agriculture, The National Agricultural Pesticide Impact Assessment Program, Pesticide Management Education Program and Department of Textiles and Apparel, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY. APPROVED: Chair, Technical Committee Date |