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2000 ANNUAL REPORT OF COOPERATIVE REGIONAL
PROJECTS
NC-170 Regional Research Committee
Supported by Allotments of the Regional Research
Fund
Hatch Act, as amended August 11, 1955
January 1, 2000 - December 31, 2000
PROJECT: NC-170
Occupational Safety and Health Through the Use of Protective Clothing.
DATE OF REPORT: November 17, 2000.
ANNUAL MEETING DATES: September 21 & 22, 2000.
ANNUAL MEETING LOCATION: Embassy Suites (KCI-Airport
region) KC, MO.
COOPERATIVE AGENCIES AND PRINCIPAL LEADERS:
* Dr. Margaret Rucker, University of California, Davis, CA
Dr. Ning Pan, University of California, Davis, CA
Dr. Gang Sun, University of California, Davis, CA
* Dr. Mastura Raheel, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL
* Dr. Janis Stone, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
* Dr. Anugrah Shaw, University of Maryland Eastern shore, Princess
Anne, MD
* Dr. Ann C. Slocum, Michigan State University, East Lansing,
MI
* Dr. Kay Obendorf, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
Ms. Charlotte W. Coffman, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
* Dr. Donna Branson, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater,
OK
Dr. Joan Laughlin, Administrative Advisor, University of Nebraska,
Lincoln, NE
Dr. Gladys Vaughn, USDA-CSREES Representative, Washington,
DC.
* indicates voting member
MINUTES OF ANNUAL MEETING: Available at: http://txnc170.human.cornell.edu
PROGRESS OF THE WORK AND PRINCIPAL ACCOMPLISHMENTS
Objective 1: To assess
the viability of various textile systems for hand
and body protection for selected occupations.
A. Statistical Model
Illinois, Maryland, and New York are collecting
data to develop a predictive, statistical model that estimates pesticide
penetration in protective materials. The data are based on a specified
list of fabric and challenge liquid parameters for use in the statistical
regression analyses. Sixteen woven fabrics have been characterized
at Illinois for selected physical characteristics; liquid retention
and penetration; and liquid vapor transport properties. New York
studied fourteen nonwoven fabrics as to solid volume fraction, thickness
of fabrics, viscosity of pesticide mixtures and the effect of liquid/fabric
surface tension difference on pesticide penetration. Statistical
analysis showed that for untreated nonwoven fabrics, pesticide penetration
has the highest correlation with surface tension difference between
fabric and pesticide mixture, followed by solid volume fraction
and thickness.
Maryland collaborated with National Institute of
Occupational Health (Spain) and Federal Agricultural Research Center
(Germany) to revise three test methods (pipette, gutter, and atomizer)
to measure protection provided by textile materials against liquid
pesticides. Six textile materials were tested using the revised
test method. Samples of formulations used as challenge liquids in
Germany have been obtained for evaluation of the physiochemical
properties. Also, moisture vapor transmission rate (MTVR) of about
50 fabrics in the database has been completed.
B. Design and Human Factors
Oklahoma developed two prototype sun protective headgear styles
with optional cooling systems. Both hats were field tested by lifeguards
at two local Oklahoma pools. Also, in collaboration with Iowa two
sun protective headgear styles were field tested in both states.
Data analysis is continuing. Iowa researchers developed a cross-cultural
survey instrument to measure attitudes toward sun safety in Korea
and Iowa. Michigan developed a web site to inform youth about UV-protection.
For adults, more technical information was developed and was linked
to the youth web site. Youth and parents/leaders/staff and apparel
professionals completed online evaluation forms that are being analyzed.
California researchers worked with the California Department of
Forestry and Fire Protection (CDF), and compared the thermal protection
offered by three types of work pants commonly worn by fire fighters
with a flame retardant (FR) cotton pant liner, as well as FR cotton
sleeve liners versus long sleeve T-shirts. Analysis of thermal mannequin
data showed that the FR cotton sleeve liners provided significantly
more thermal protection than the cotton T-shirts; as for leg protection,
the 5.6 oz/square yd FR liner was found to be equivalent in protection
to the 8 oz/square yd cotton pant. Also, a field study of fire fighters
indicated a generally favorable response to the California prototype
compared to the PPE in current use.
C. Outreach
Outreach goals related to NC-170 are to translate
research, government policy, and protective clothing developments
into multiple formats for ready dissemination to various audiences.
New York and Iowa continued their educational programs for agricultural
workers, pesticide handlers, families, educators, and the general
public on health and safety issues related to pesticides. Iowa's
program included sun protection as well. New York continues to maintain
the NC
170 Regional Research website on a server in the College
of Human Ecology at Cornell University. The cost is shared among
seven states (CA, IA, IL, MD, MI, NY, OK). The site is routinely
updated. New site links, consumer information, a literature review
of children's exposure to pesticides, and a glossary were added.
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Objective 2: To assess the effects of environmental
exposure, use and storage conditions on functional integrity of
PPE for selected occupational settings.
Illinois evaluated the effects of exposure to chemicals,
simulated sunlight (Xenon Arc irradiation), and low temperature
on pesticide barrier properties and functional integrity of multiple
glove polymeric materials. The effects of abrasion on barrier properties
of multiple PPE textile materials were determined against liquid
pesticide retention and penetration. Data analyses have been completed;
manuscripts are under preparation.
Objective 3: To evaluate policies, regulations and practices
for environmentally sound disposal of PPE. California has cooperated
with Michigan in developing data collection instruments and protocol
to study clothing practices, including disposal, as well as perceptions
of regulations for worker safety and environmental protection, within
the lawn care industry. Data collection is planned for the year
2000-2001.
Objective 4: To propose standard methodology
for industry-wide consensus standards for chemical protective clothing.
Maryland, Illinois, and New York researchers have
developed a draft for a standard test method entitled, Standard
Test Method to Measure Penetration of Liquid Pesticide Formulations
through Protective Clothing Materials. A three-laboratory (Maryland,
Illinois, New York) study was completed and the results were reviewed.
A more extensive inter-laboratory study for the ASTM process is
planned. For the ASTM standardization a minimum of six laboratories
is needed; these labs are to be identified by Maryland. Maryland
will distribute the guidelines and needed materials for this test,
and aggregate the results. The ASTM draft was approved by the sub-committee
and has been submitted to ASTM F23 Main Committee for balloting.
Also, a draft has been submitted to ISO to be considered as an ISO
standard.
USEFULNESS OF FINDINGS
Fundamental research generated by NC170 researchers,
regarding barrier potential, physical integrity and useful life
of various protective clothing items is essential for making recommendations
for appropriate selection, use, and care of PPE. Methodology studies
and round robin testing are essential for the development and approval
of ASTM test methods in order to screen PPE in a sound and reliable
manner. Expansion of standard test methods to the international
level is vital given worldwide use of pesticides.
Better-designed protective clothing holds the promise
of increasing appropriate use of PPE with improved health and safety
as end products. PPE information continues to reach thousands of
certified pesticide applicators via traditional training methods
and to general consumers via family pesticide safety educational
materials, as well as sun protection informational materials. The
NC-170 web site serves as a communication avenue for members, a
resource for researchers, and an information source for consumers.
WORK PLANNED FOR NEXT YEAR
Work will continue on the statistical model to predict
penetration through porous chemical protective clothing. Interlaboratory
testing to develop the precision and bias statements for the ASTM
standard test method also will continue.
Analysis of sun survey data and the field study of headgear will
be completed. Members will continue to seek ways to enhance and
publicize the web site. Plans to improve the web site include the
addition of an index, meeting minutes, links to the Family Pesticide
Safety series at Iowa, and links to sun protection information at
Iowa and Michigan. A videotape that demonstrates penetration versus
permeation has been posted and will be tested for compatibility
with different web browsers.
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PUBLICATIONS ISSUED OR MANUSCRIPTS APPROVED
REFEREED PUBLICATIONS BY STATE
In Print Full Length Articles
California
Rucker, M., E. Anderson, and A. Kangas. 2000. Evaluation of
standard and prototype protective garments for wildland firefighters.
In Performance of Protective Clothing: Issues and Priorities for
the 21st Century: Seventh Volume, ASTM STP 1386, C. N. Nelson and
N. W. Henry, Eds., American Society for Testing and Materials, West
Conshohocken, PA., 7: 546-556.
Sun, G., H. S. Yoo, X. S. Zhang, and N. Pan. 2000.
Radiant protective and transport properties of fabrics used by wildland
firefighters. Textile Research Journal, 70 (7): 567-573.
Kim, Y. H. and G. Sun. 2000. Dye molecules as bridges
for functional modification of nylon: Antimicrobial functions. Textile
Research Journal, 70 (8): 728-733.
Ko, L. L., T. Shibamoto, and G. Sun. 2000. A novel
detoxifying pesticide protective clothing for agricultural workers.
Textile Chemist and Colorist and American Dyestuff Reporter, 32(2):
34-38.
Sun, Y. and G. Sun. 2000. Novel N-halamine polymeric
biocides: Synthesis and antibacterial activity of hydantoin-containing
polymers. Polymer Preprints, 41 (1): 270-271.
Yoo, H. S., G. Sun, and N. Pan. 2000. Thermal protective performance
and comfort of firefighter clothing: The transport properties of
multilayer fabric systems. In Performance of Protective Clothing:
Issues and Priorities for the 21st Century: Seventh Volume, ASTM
STP 1386, C. N. Nelson and N. W. Henry, Eds., American Society for
Testing and Materials, West Conshohocken, PA., 7: 504-518.
Jirsak, O., T. Gok, B. Ozipek, and N. Pan. 2000.
Thermo-insulating properties of perpendicular-laid versus cross-laid
lofty nonwoven fabrics. Textile Research Journal 70: 121-128.
Illinois
Raheel, M. and G. X. Dai. 2000. Liquid Breakthrough In Fabrics:
Effects of Fiber Content and Surfactant Concentration. In, Performance
of Protective Clothing: Issues and Priorities for the 21st Century:
Seventh International STP 1386, Eds. Henry, N.W. and Nelson, C.
N., American Society for Testing and Materials, West Conshohocken,
PA, 7: 464-477.
Iowa
Guo, C. Stone, J.F. Stahr, H.M., and Shelley, M.C. 2000. Reduction
of terbufos and tefluthrin contamination in glove materials. In,
Performance of Protective Clothing: Issues and Priorities for the
21st Century: Seventh Volume, ASTM STP 1386, C. N. Nelson and N.
W. Henry, Eds. American Society for Testing and Materials, West
Conshohocken, PA, 7: 354-364.
Maryland
Shaw, Anugrah., Nomula, Radhika., And Patel, Bharat. 2000. Protective
Clothing and Application Controls for Pesticide Applicators in India:
A Field Study. In, Performance of Protective Clothing: Issues and
Priorities for the 21st Century: Seventh Volume, ASTM STP 1386,
C. N. Nelson and N. W. Henry, Eds. American Society for Testing
and Materials, West Conshohocken, PA., 7: 342-353.
Shaw, Anugrah., Cohen, Eva., And Hinz, Thorsten.
2000. Revision of Test Methods: Better Screening of PPE Materials
Against Liquid Pesticides. In, Proceedings of NOKOBETEF 6 and 1st
European Conference on Protective Clothing, Stockholm, Sweden. 154-158
New York
Ukpabi, P. and Obendorf, S.K. 2000. Modified Polyurethane for Surgical
Applications. In, Performance of Protective Clothing: Issues and
Priorities for the 21st Century: Seventh Volume, ASTM STP 1386,
C. N. Nelson and N. W. Henry, Eds., American Society for Testing
and Materials, West Conshohocken, PA., 7: 190-199.
Dart, B. L. and Obendorf, S. K. 2000. Retention
of Aspergillus Niger Spores on Textiles. In, Performance of Protective
Clothing: Issues and Priorities for the 21st Century: Seventh Volume,
ASTM STP 1386, C. N. Nelson and N. W. Henry, Eds. American Society
for Testing and Materials, West Conshohocken, PA., 7: 251-268.
Accepted Full Length Articles
Iowa
Stone, J. Hanna, M., Guo, C., and Imerman, P. Protective Headgear
for Midwestern Agriculture: A Limited Wear Study. Journal of Environmental
Health. In press.
Guo, C., Stone, J. Stahr, H.M., And Shelley, M.
Monitoring Granular Terbufos Breakthrough: Comparison of Cotton
Gauze and Alpha-Cellulose. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination
and Toxicology. In press.
Maryland
Shaw, Anugrah, and Lin, Y, Effects of Laundering upon the Removal
of Atrazine and Metachlor from Cotton, Cotton/Polyester, and Polyester
Fabrics Treated with Fluorochemical Finishes˛, Bulletin of Environmental
Contamination and Toxicology. In press.
New York
Hong, S., Kim, J., Lemley, A.T., Obendorf, S.K., and Hedge, A.,
Analytical Method Development for 18 Pesticide Residues in House
Dust and Settled Residues using Size Exclusion Chromatography, Solid
Phase Extraction, Trimethylsilyldiaxomethane Methylation and Gas
Chromatography Coupled with Mass Spectrometry, Journal of Chromatographic
Science. In press.
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NON-REFEREED PUBLICATIONS.
Extension Publications
Iowa
Stone, J. Family Pesticide Safety publication series: Understanding
label precautions; What to do when clothes are soiled with pesticide;
Wear the right gloves; Wear coveralls and aprons; and Use eye and
lung protection, Pm-1663a-e, Revised. Iowa State University Extension.
June 2000. Funded by the Iowa Department of Agriculture and Land
Stewardship under an EPA grant; publications reviewed by EPA.
Stone, J. Sources of Protective Apparel and Gear.
PAT-13, Iowa State University Extension, March, 2000.
Hatch, K. and Stone, J. How Shady Is Your T-Shirt?
A leader guide on textiles for sun protection to be used with youth.
Iowa State University Extension. May, 2000.
Stone, J. and Kim, J. Textiles for Sun Protection
Reference List, Iowa State University Extension, September, 2000.
Stone, J. and Park, J. Web Sites to Assist in Teaching and Learning
about Skin Cancer. Iowa State University Extension. http://www.iastate.edu/~tcext/govern.html
Maryland
Shaw, A., Cohen E., and Wicke H. Personal Protective Equipment for
Agricultural Workers. Industrial Fabric Products Review, June, 2000.
New York
Textile & Apparel News, Department of Textiles and Apparel, Cornell
Cooperative Extension, Ithaca, NY 14853.
Audio-Visual Publications
Iowa
Stone, J. and Hornstein, J. "Personal Protective Equipment and Work
Clothing for Pesticide Application." 32 slides and script. For Iowa
Pesticide Applicator Training. June, 2000.
Internet
Iowa
http://www.iastate.edu/~tc-ext
http://txnc170.human.cornell.edu/
Michigan
Slocum, A.C., Kim, J., and Schultink, J. (2000). Sun Wise Page [Online].
Available: http://www.msu.edu/~aslocum/sun/sunwisehomepage.htm
[2000, October 6].
Beard, C., Slocum, A.C., and Schultink, J. (2000). Sun safety.
Something to consider [Online]. Available: http://www.msu.edu/~aslocum/sun/intro.htm
[2000, October 6]
Beard, C., Slocum, A.C., and Schultink, J. (2000). Using
clothing as protection for ultraviolet radiation [Online].
Available: http://www.msu.edu/~aslocum/sun/protectclothing.htm
[2000, October 6].
Beard, C., Slocum, A.C., and Schultink, J. (2000). Sun screens and
sun [Online].
Available: http://www.msu.edu/~aslocum/sun/screenandblock.htm
[2000, October 6].
Beard, C., Slocum, A.C., and Schultink, J. (2000). Tans for sale:
The tanning [Online].
Available: http://www.msu.edu/~aslocum/sun/tanningbed.htm
[2000, October 6].
Beard, C., Slocum, A.C., and Schultink, J. (2000). Sunglasses, more
than an accessory. [Online].
Available: http://www.msu.edu/~aslocum/sun/sunglasses.htm
[2000, October 6].
Theses
Michigan
Kim, Ji-Hyun. Developing an educational web site for youth regarding
protection from ultraviolet radiation, and evaluating that web site
via the internet. Unpublished Master's thesis, Michigan State University,
East Lansing, MI, 2000.
New York
Lee, Seungsin, A Statistical Model to Predict Pesticide Penetration
through NonWoven Fabrics Used as Chemical Protective Clothing, MS
Thesis, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, August, 2000.
Presentations
California
Rucker, M., E. Anderson and A. Kangas. Thermal mannequin
evaluation of protective clothing for wildland fire fighters. 29th
International Conference on Fire Safety, San Francisco, CA, January,
2000.
Rucker, M. and W. Adams. Heat stress responses to protective clothing
for wildland fire fighters. 29th International Conference on Fire
Safety, San Francisco, CA, January, 2000.
Ko, L., T. Shibamoto, and G. Sun.. A novel detoxifying pesticide
protective clothing for agricultural workers. NSF Division of DMII,
Grantees' Conference, Vancouver, Canada, January, 2000.
Sun, G., N. Pan, and T. Hua. Impact of air permeability and layering
of fabrics on radiant protective performance (RPP). 29th International
Conference on Fire Safety, San Francisco, CA, January, 2000.
Qian, L. and G. Sun. Durable and regenerable antimicrobial textiles:
New progresses. 219th ACS National Meeting, San Francisco, CA, March,
2000.
Kim, Y. H. and G. Sun. Durable and regenerable antimicrobial finishing
of nylon fabrics. 219th ACS National Meeting, San Francisco, CA,
March, 2000.
Kim, Y. H. and G. Sun. Application of bleaching in textile design.
219th ACS National Meeting, San Francisco, CA, March, 2000.
Sun, Y. and G. Sun. Novel N-halamine polymeric biocides: Synthesis
and antibacterial activity of hydantoin-containing polymers. 219th
ACS National Meeting, San Francisco, CA, March, 2000.
Illinois
Raheel, M. Effects of Fiber Content and Surfactant
Concentration on Liquid Breakthrough In Fabrics, at Cornell University,
Ithacca, NY May 4, 2000.
Raheel, M. Protective Clothing Research: An Overview, at College
of Home Economics, Lahore , Pakistan, March 28, 2000.
Iowa
Stone, J. Gahring, S., and Smith, J. Hats on for Sun Safety--Outreach
Programs that Work. At Share Fair, CYFAR 2000, Charlotte, NC. March
6-8, 2000.
Hatch, K. and Stone, J. How Shady Is Your T-Shirt? Presentation
on textiles for sun safety leader guide at Priester Conference,
Denver, CO, May 3, 2000.
Stone, J., Hanna, M., Guo, C., and Imerman, P. Protective Headgear
for Midwestern Agriculture. 2000 Conference of the National Institute
of Farm Safety, Dubuque, IA, June 28., 2000.
Maryland
Shaw, A., and Pullela, S. Development of a Database for Protective
Clothing for Pesticide Applicators, 12th Biennial Research Symposium
of the Association of Research Directors, Washington, DC, 2000.
Shaw, A., Cohen, E., and Hinz, T. Revision of Test Methods: Better
Screening of PPE Materials Against Liquid Pesticides. NOKOBETEF
6 and 1st European Conference on Protective Clothing, Stockholm,
Sweden, May 9, 2000.
New York
Borsa, J., Obendorf, S.K., Rácz, I. Special Cotton Fabric by Carboxymethylation,
at the First Central European Conference on Fiber Grade Polymers,
Chemical Fibers and Special Textiles, Poland, October, 2000.
Hong, S. Kim, J. Lemley, A. T. Obendorf S.K and Hedge, A. Analytical
method development for 16 pesticides in house dust and settled residues
using size exclusion chromatography, solid phase extraction, trimethylsilyldiazxomethane,
Eastern Analytical Symposium, Atlantic City, NJ, October 29-November
4, 2000.
Coffman, C. W. Personal Protective Equipment, Pest Control Technology,
Oriskany, NY, March 2000.
Coffman, C. W.Protecting Yourself from Pesticide Health Hazards,
Pest Management and Food Safety Program, Rochester, NY, January,
2000. .
APPROVED:
Mastura Raheel November 17, 2000 _______________________________
Chair, Technical Committee/Date
Joan Laughlin
__________________________________
Administrative Advisor/Date
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