2003 ANNUAL REPORT OF MULTISTATE RESEARCH PROJECT

NC-170 Regional Research Committee

Supported by Allotments of the Regional Research Fund

Hatch Act, as amended August 11, 1955 and Evans-Allen Funds

PROJECT NUMBER: NC-170

PROJECT TITLE: Mediating Exposure to Environmental Hazards Through Textile Systems

PERIOD COVERED: October 1, 2002 ‚ September 30, 2003

DATE OF THIS REPORT: November 18, 2003

ANNUAL MEETING DATES: September 17 and 18, 2003

PARTICIPANTS:

*Dr. Margaret Rucker, University of California, Davis, CA

*Dr. Mastura Raheel, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL

*Dr. Janis Stone, Iowa State University, Ames IA

*Dr. Anugrah Shaw, University of Maryland Eastern Shore, Princess Anne, MD

*Dr. Ann C. Slocum, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI

*Dr. Kay Obendorf, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY

Ms. Charlotte Coffman, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY

Dr. Susan Ashdown, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY

*Dr. Donna Branson, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK

Dr. Mary Winter, Administrative Advisor, Iowa State University, Ames IA

Dr. Gladys Vaughn, USDA-CSREES Representative, Washington, DC

*indicates voting member
List server address: NC170@iastate.edu

BRIEF SUMMARY OF MINUTES OF ANNUAL MEETING:

Available at http://txnc170.human.cornell.edu/minutes.html

ACCOMPLISHMENTS AND IMPACTS:

Major accomplishments during the past funding year that ended September 30, 2003 are summarized by objectives and sub-objectives below.

Objective 1: To improve protection and human factor performance of PPE through product development.

A. Product Development Studies

Five research efforts by California, Colorado, and Oklahoma were directed toward product development. Work continued by California on the development of biocidal fabrics for medical textile products for reusable and disposable surgical gowns and wraps; work on the self decontamination of halamine structures continued; and a new technology for incorporating durable and rechargeable biocidal properties into Nomex fabrics was developed. An alpha prototype personal cooling system was developed by Oklahoma and the cooling effectiveness established in thermal manikin testing at the armyís Natick Soldier Center. The effects of fiber composition, fabric weight, fabric thickness, cloth cover, and chemical pre-treatments and finishes on the Ultraviolet Protection Factor (UPF) was determined for selected textiles by Colorado.

B. Protection Studies

Two field experiments and a computer simulation were used to assess UV exposure to human subjects. The field experiments conducted by Michigan, demonstrated that shirt-weight fabrics reduced UV exposure but heavier shirt-weight fabrics and UV specialized fabrics were more effective in reducing UV exposure. Based on the field test results, a golf shirt was designed and used as a stimulus in a questionnaire to measure attitudes toward the design using two theoretical frameworks. Variables that were predictor of sun protective behaviors, and predictors of intention to buy were identified.

Three-dimensional body scanning equipment was used by New York and Michigan to assess the effectiveness of five hat styles worn by participants assuming three body positions for playing golf for different sun angles and positions in relation to the sun. The 3-D scans were compared to images derived from digital photography to determine which methodology provided more meaningful information.

C. Human Factor Studies

Four human factor studies were undertaken during the year. New York continued to work on the development of methodologies for using the 3-D body scanner as a tool for fit and design analysis, and initiated a literature review on the design and fit of protective coveralls. A fit analysis of two prototype cooling garments designed to be worn under chemical protective ensembles was conducted by New York and Oklahoma using a 3-D body scanner. Since conduction is the cooling transfer mechanism, a tight fitting garment regardless of body position is essential, yet, to be commercially viable, a minimum number of sizes is desirable. Seven first responders in three body positions wearing each of the prototype garments were scanned. Ongoing data analyses are expected to provide helpful information for design effectives and creation of a sizing system. Lastly, the thermal resistance of a subset of fabrics in the NC-170 fabric database was determined by Oklahoma using a sweating guarded hot plate for use in predicting thermal comfort associated with use of these fabrics.

Objective 2: To examine user acceptance and barriers to acceptance of PPE products and practices.

Six research projects and multiple outreach efforts were completed by Iowa, Michigan, New York and Oklahoma in support of objective 2. Four studies were focused toward pesticide exposure issues, two studies were focused on a prototype cooling system for first responders wearing PPE, and one study addressed sun exposure.

The four pesticide studies included: a glove wear test by Iowa and New York greenhouse workers; a study to determine the presence of pesticide and other environmental contaminants by flooring in 42 New York homes; a study to determine the presence of pesticides and herbicides at various locations on selected tractors and spray rigs in New York; and a questionnaire on spray equipment and protective clothing administered to pesticide applicators and employers in Iowa, New York and Michigan. A set of four focus groups was conducted by Oklahoma to ascertain perceptions of first responders in four U.S. cities regarding a prototype personal cooling system designed to be worn under level A and B chemical protection ensembles. All confirmed the need for the cooling system and they provided insightful input for the next generation prototype system. A fit study was conducted by New York and Oklahoma using New Yorkís 3-D body Scanner to determine the fit of two prototype cooling garments when worn by volunteer first responders.

A survey at the 2002 Iowa Farm Progress Show yielded 1,804 responses to questions about sun practices, attitudes and clothing preferences. Outreach was accomplished by Iowa exhibits highlighting use of hats and shirts as a means of sun protection, by New York posters, seminars and workshops on pesticide safety, and by New York in maintaining the NC-170 website.

Objective 3: To develop performance specifications for protective clothing materials.

Illinois, Maryland and New York worked on the third objective. Illinois selected challenge liquids for determining barrier efficacy of PPE materials, developed alternate methods of measuring repellency, retention and penetration of the challenge liquids and pesticides, and developed predictive models for assessing barrier efficacy of woven and non-woven fabrics used for chemical protective clothing. Maryland continued work with ISO to seek approval of the draft ISO/DIS 22608. It will now be submitted for the Final Draft for International Standards ballot, the last stage in the approval process. Illinois, Maryland, New York and two laboratories from other countries participated in round robin testing in support of ISO/DIS 22608. Maryland will work with ASTM F-23 on developing performance specifications for work and protective garments for pesticide workers.

WORK PLANNED FOR NEXT YEAR

On-going studies will be completed, data analyzed and manuscripts written. Work will continue on biocidal fabrics and development of performance specifications for PPE. Thermal mannequin tests will be conducted on firefighter protective clothing with various kinds of emblems; a physiological human subject test of two prototype cooling systems will be conducted; a study examining the effect of enzymatic treatments on UV protection will be conducted; and a pilot study with existing coveralls will be conducted using the 3-D body scanner to establish protocols and methods of analysis.

PUBLICATIONS/ PRESENTATIONS BY STATE

Refereed Publications

California

Sun, Y. & Sun, G. (2003). Novel refreshable N-halamine polymeric biocides: grafting hydantoin-containing monomers onto high-performance fibers by a continuous process. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 88, 1032-1039.

Ma, M., Sun, Y., & Sun, G. (2003). Antimicrobial cationic dyes: Part 1: synthesis and characterization. Dyes and Pigments, 58, 27-35.

Qian, L. & Sun, G. (2003). Durable and regenerable antimicrobial textiles: Synthesis and applications of 3-methylog-2,2,5,5-tetramethyl-imidazolidin-4-one (MTMIO). Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 89, 2418-2425.

Haise, C. L., & Rucker, M. (2003). The flight attendant uniform: Effects of selected variables on flight attendant image, uniform preferences and employee satisfaction. Social Behavior and Personality, 31 (6), 565-576.

Lukas, D. & Pan, N. (2003). Wetting of a fiber bundle in fibrous structures. Polymer Composites, 24, 314-322.

Illinois

Jain, R. and Raheel, M. (2003). Barrier Efficacy of Woven and Non-woven Fabrics Used for Protective Clothing: Predictive Models. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination & Toxicology, 71: (3), 437-446.

Zhang, X. and Raheel, M. (2003). Statistical Model for Predicting Pesticide Penetration in Woven Fabrics Used for Chemical Protective Clothing. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination & Toxicology. 70: (4), 652-659.

New York

A.A. Kline, A.J. Landers, A. Hedge, A.T. Lemley, S.K. Obendorf, and T. Dokuchayeva. (2003). Pesticide Exposure Levels on Surfaces within Sprayer Cabs. Applied Engineering in Agriculture, 19(4):397-404

S. Kay Obendor, Emilia Csiszar, Dennis Maneefuangfoo, Judit Borsa. (2003). Kinetic Study of Transport of Pesticide from Contaminated Fabric Through a Model Skin. Archive of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 45(2): 283-288.

Loker, S., Cowie, L.S. & Ashdown, S. Female Consumersí Reactions to Body Scanning. Clothing and Textile Research Journal, (in press).

Oklahoma

Krenzer, G., Starr, C., and Branson, D. (in press). Development of a sports bra prototype.

Clothing and Textiles Research Journal.

Proceedings

Illinois

Zhang, X. and Raheel, M. ìPredicting Pesticide Penetration in Woven Fabrics Used for Chemical Protective Clothingî. Proceedings of the 2^nd European Conference on Protective Clothing (ECPC) and NOKOBETEF 7. Montreux, Switzerland, May 21-24, 2003.

New York

Hedge, A, Kline, A.A., Lemley, A.T., Obendorf, S.K. Dokuchayeva, T., and Gaskins, V. ìContaminants in Floor Dust, Indoor Air 2002î. The 9^th International Conference on Indoor Air Quality and Climate, International Academy of Indoor Air Science, Monterey, CA (2002), p. 998-1003.

Theses/Dissertations

Illinois

Rajat S. Jain. Barrier Efficacy of Woven and Non-woven Fabrics Used for Protective Clothing: Predictive Models. M.S. Thesis, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, IL 61801, May, 2003.

Michigan

Sung, Heewon. Golfersí UV Exposure, Health Beliefs and Practices, and Intention to Adopt UV Protective Clothing. Unpublished Dissertation. Michigan State University, 2003.

Non-Refereed Publications

Iowa

Stone, J. and Kadolph. S. Facts about Fabric Flammability, NCR-174, Revised. Iowa State

University, Ames, IA 50011. July 2003.

Stone, J. Is it time to change your hat? Pm-1683 Revised. Iowa State University, Ames, IA

50011. July 2003.

Stone, J. Consumer Choices: Understanding Apparel and Furnishings Textile, Pm-734 Revised.

Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, 2003.

Stone, J. Consumer Choices: Using Textile Lables, Pm-733 Revised. Iowa State University,

Ames, IA 50011, 2003.

Stone, J. Consumer Choices: How to Complain and Get Results, Pm-716, Revised. Iowa State

University, Ames, IA 50011, 2003.

Extension Articles

New York

Coffman, C. Pesticide Safety Educational Materials, Textiles & Apparel News, Cornell

University, September 2003.

Coffman, C. Insect-repellent Apparel, Textiles & Apparel News, Cornell University, September

2003.

Coffman, C. The Phthalate Question, Textiles & Apparel News, Cornell University, June 2003.

Coffman, C. Shelter from the Sun, Textiles & Apparel News, Cornell University, June 2003.

Coffman, C. CCA-Treatment of Wood Discontinued, Textiles & Apparel News, Cornell

University, April 2003.

Coffman, C. Useful Resources on Pesticide Topics, Textiles & Apparel News, Cornell

University, February 2003.

Breen, N. Carpet Vacuuming & Cleaning, Textiles & Apparel News, Cornell University,

November 2002.

Audio-Visual Publications

Iowa

Stone, J., Heer, R., Abbott, B. (2003) ìHow shady is your t-shirt?î Table Top Educational

Exhibit.

Internet

New York

Occupational Safety and Protective Clothing, http://txnc170.cornell.edu/

Personal Pesticide Protection, http://www.humec.cornell.edu/units/txa/extension/pest/

Body Scanning for Apparel, www.explore.cornell.edu/bodyscanner

Sizing and Fit of Apparel,

http://www.human.cornell.edu/txa/faculty/SizingSystems/index_flash.html

Media Coverage

New York

Gardy, Rebecca, The Shape of Things to Come, American Demographics, July/August 2003.

Refereed Presentations

Colorado

Sarkar, A.K., ìInfluence of Fabric Characteristics on UV Transmission.î AATCC International

Conference & Exhibition, Charlotte, NC, 2002.

Illinois

Zhang, X. & Raheel, M. ìPredicting Pesticide Penetration in Woven Fabrics Used for Chemical

Protective Clothing.î 2^nd European Conference on Protective Clothing (ECPC) and

NOKOBETEF 7, Montreux, Switzerland, May 21-24, 2003, #24.

Iowa

Song, K. & Stone, J. ìConsumer Preferences for Design Features of Sun-Safe Shirts.î

International Textile & Apparel Association Annual Conference, November 2003.

Maryland

Shaw, A. & Abbi, R. ìComparison of Gravimetric & Gas Chromatographic Methods for

Assessing Performance of Textile Materials against liquid Pesticides.î 2^nd European Conference

on Protective Clothing (ECPC), Montreux, Switzerland, May 21-24, 2003.

Michigan

Lee, Young-A, Ashdown, S., & Slocum, A.C. ìEvaluation of Sun overage of Protective Hats

for Golfers; Using Three-Dimensional Body Scan Data.î International Textile & Apparel

Association Annual Conference, November 2003.

Sung, Heewon, Slocum, A.C. ìUV Radiation Exposure to Body Sites of Golfers and Effects of

Clothing.î International Textile & Apparel Association Annual Conference, November 2003.

New York

Coffman, C. ìReducing the Risk of Operator Contamination from Pesticides.î Poster Session,

Galaxy II Conference, Salt Lake City, UT, September 2003.

Coffman, C. ìPesticide Residues and other Allergens in Homes.î Poster Session, Association

of Cornell Cooperative Extension Educators 2002 Conference, Ithaca, NY, October, 2002.

Coffman, C. ìReducing the Risk of Operator Contamination form Pesticides.î Poster Session,

Association of Cornell Cooperative Extension Educators 2002 Conference, Ithaca, NY, October,

2002.

Ashdown, S.P., Loker, S., and Adelson, C. ìUse of Body Scan Data to Design Sizing Systems

Based on Target Marketsî (poster), National Textile Center Forum, February 10-12, 2003.

Obendorf, K., Csiszar, E., Maneefuangfoo, D. and Borsa, J. ìM01-CR02 Improving the

Understanding and Acceptance of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE): Kinetic Transport of

Pesticide from Contaminated Fabric Through a Model Skinî (poster), National Textile Center

Forum, February 10-12, 2003.

Oklahoma

Branson, D.H., Farr, C.A. and Cao, H. ìDevelopment of a Prototype Personal Cooling System

for First Responders in Level A Gear.î INFire Annual Conference, Impact of Terrorism in the

Information Age, Oklahoma City, OK, May 2003.

Cao, H., Branson, D., Nam, J., Jansen, B., Peksoz, S., and Farr, C. ìLiquid Cooling Garments: A

Study of Water Flow Rate.î International Textiles & Apparel Association Annual Conference,

Savannah, GA., November 2003.

Non-Refereed Presentations

New York

Coffman, C. ìPesticde Residues in the Home,î Pesticide Update, Fishkill, N.Y. March 2003.

Coffman, C. ìInterpreting Personal Protective Equipment Label Statements, PPE: Selection,

Use, and Maintenance, Can Engineering Controls Replace PPE, and Pesticide Residues in NY

Homes.î Greenhouse Workforce Training, Hamden, NY. December 2003.

Approved:

Administrative Advisor ___________________ Date _________________